Kwanan wata: 15.01.2022
Tashi da faduwar Daular Usmaniyya
Kowane tashi yana da gwagwarmaya, kuma kowace faɗuwar tana da dalilai waɗanda galibi sakamakon waɗannan abubuwan ke rufe su. Rana ta Daular Ottoman- Daya daga cikin manya-manyan dauloli a tarihi ya tashi da haskakawa na tsawon lokaci, amma kamar kowace daular, faɗuwar ta kasance duhu da tsayi.
The An kafa daular Ottoman a shekara ta 1299 kuma ya girma daga kabilun Turkiyya a yankin Anatoliya. Ottomans sun ji daɗin wasa mai adalci a cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16 kuma sun yi mulki fiye da shekaru 600 . Ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin dauloli mafi dadewa a tarihin dauloli masu mulki. Gabaɗaya ana ganin ƙarfin daular Usmaniyya a matsayin ƙarfin Musulunci. Turawan Yamma sun dauke ta a matsayin barazana. Ana daukar mulkin daular Usmaniyya a matsayin zamanin zaman lafiyar yanki, tsaro, da ci gaba. Nasarar da wannan daular ta samu dai ana alakanta shi ne da yadda suka dace da yanayin sauyin yanayi, kuma hakan, gaba daya, shi ne share fagen raya al'adu, zamantakewa, addini, tattalin arziki, da fasaha.
Tarihin Daular Ottoman
Daular Ottoman ta girma har ta haɗa da yankuna daban-daban na Turai a yau. Ya mamaye Turkiyya, Masar, Siriya, Romania, Macedonia, Hungary, Isra'ila, Jordan, Lebanon, sassan Larabawa, da wasu sassan Arewacin Afirka a lokacin kololuwarta. Fadin daular ta kai kimanin mil miliyan 7.6 a shekara ta 1595. Yayin da take durkushewa wani bangare nata ya zama Turkiyya a yau.
Asalin daular Usmaniyya
Daular Ottoman da kanta ta bayyana a matsayin karyar zaren daular Seljuk Turk. Daular Seljuk mayaƙan Turkawa ne a ƙarƙashin Osman I a ƙarni na 13 suka mamaye daular Seljuk. Mamayewar Mongol ya raunana kasar Seljuk, kuma amincin Musulunci yana cikin hadari. Bayan rugujewar daular Seljuk, Turkawa Ottoman sun sami iko. Sun karbe ikon sauran jihohin daular Seljuk, kuma a hankali a karni na 14, dukkanin mulkin Turkawa daban-daban na Turkawa Ottoman ne suka mamaye su.
Tashin daular Usmaniyya
Yunƙurin kowace daula ya fi a hankali a hankali fiye da tsari na kwatsam. Daular Turkiyya na bin nasarar da ta samu ne daga fitaccen jagoranci na Osman I, Orhan, Murad I, da Bayezid I ga tsarinta na tsakiya, shugabanci nagari, fadada yankinsa, da kula da hanyoyin kasuwanci, da tsarin karfin soji mara tsoro. Gudanar da hanyoyin kasuwanci ya buɗe kofofin samun dukiya mai yawa, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kwanciyar hankali da daidaita tsarin mulki.
Lokacin girma mai girma
A bayyane yake, Daular Usmaniyya ta kai kololuwarta tare da mamaye Constantinople - babban birnin Daular Byzantine. Ƙanstantinoful, wanda aka ɗauka cewa ba za a iya cin nasara ba, zuriyar Osman sun durƙusa. Wannan cin nasara ya zama ginshikin ci gaba da fadada daular, gami da sama da jihohi goma daban-daban na Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Littattafan tarihin Daular Usmaniyya sun ba da labarin wannan lokacin da za a kira shi lokacin babban fadadawa. Masana tarihi da yawa suna danganta wannan faɗaɗa a matsayin rashin tsari da jahilci na jahohin da aka mamaye da kuma ci gaban da Ottoman ke da shi na soja. An ci gaba da fadadawa tare da shan kashi na Mamluks a Masar da Siriya. Algiers, Hungary, da wasu sassan Girka su ma sun kasance karkashin inuwar Turkawa Ottoman a karni na 15.
Ya tabbata daga guntun tarihin daular Usmaniyya cewa duk da kasancewarsa daular matsayi na babban sarki ko sarki na gado ne duk wasu hatta jiga-jigan sun sami mukamansu. A shekara ta 1520 mulki ya kasance a hannun Sulaiman I. A lokacin mulkinsa daular Usmaniyya ta sami karin iko kuma an amince da tsarin shari'a mai tsauri. Al'adun wannan wayewa ya fara bunƙasa.
Rushewar Daular Usmaniyya
Rasuwar Sultan Sulyman na I shine farkon zamanin da ya kai ga durkushewar Daular Usmaniyya. Muhimmin dalilin da ya sa aka samu raguwar ya bayyana shine cin nasarar soji a jere - mafi rinjaye shi ne shan kashi a yakin Lepanto . Yaƙe-yaƙe na Rasha da Turkiyya suna haifar da tabarbarewar ƙarfin soja. Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe, dole ne Sarkin sarakuna ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da dama, kuma daular ta rasa yawancin yancinta na tattalin arziki. Yaƙin Crimean ya haifar da ƙarin rikitarwa.
Har zuwa karni na 18, cibiyar tsakiya na daular ta sami rauni, kuma ayyukan tawaye daban-daban sun haifar da asarar yankuna. Tare da makircin siyasa a cikin sultanate, ƙarfafa ikon Turai, gasar tattalin arziki kamar yadda aka bunkasa sababbin cinikayya, daular Turkiyya. ya kai matakin gamawa kuma ana kiransa da "Mai lafiya na Turai". An kira shi ne saboda ya yi hasarar duk abubuwan da ya faru, ba ta da kwanciyar hankali ta fuskar tattalin arziki kuma tana ƙara dogaro da Turai. Ƙarshen yakin duniya na ɗaya ya nuna ƙarshen daular Usmaniyya ma. Dan kishin kasa na Turkiyya ya soke sultan da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Sevres.
Kalmar Magana
Kowane tashi yana da faduwa amma daular Usmaniyya ta yi mulki tsawon shekaru 600 kuma an dauki yakin duniya don kawo karshensa. Har yanzu ana tunawa da Turkawa Ottoman saboda bajintar su, ci gaban al'adu da bambancinsu, sabbin sana'o'i, juriyar addini da abubuwan al'ajabi na gine-gine. Manufofi da ababen more rayuwa na siyasa da marigayi Turkawa suka ɓullo da su har yanzu suna nan a cikin ingantattun sifofi ko kuma canza su.